Alice in Wonderland - I'm Late
Alice:"Oh, Dinah! It's just a rabbit with a waistcoat - and a watch!"
Rabbit:"Oh, my fur and whisks! I'm late. I'm late. I'm late!"
Alice:"Now this is curious! what could a rabbit possibly be late for? Please, sir!"
Rabbit:"I'm late. I'm late. for a very important date. No time to say <
Alice:"It must be awfully important, like a party or something! Mister Rabbit! Wait!"
Rabbit:"No, no, no, no, no, no, no. I'm overdue. I'm really in a stew. No time to say <
Alice:"My-"
So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.
There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, ‘Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!’(when she thought it over afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take outit, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge.
In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again.
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Sie überlegte sich eben, (so gut es ging, denn sie war schläfrig und dumm von der Hitze,) ob es der Mühe werth sei aufzustehen und Gänseblümchen zu pflücken, um eine Kette damit zu*1 machen, als plötzlich ein weißes Kaninchen mit rothen Augen dicht an ihr vorbeirannte.
Dies war gerade nicht sehr merkwürdig; Alice fand es auch nicht sehr außerordentlich, daß sie das Kaninchen sagen hörte: »O weh, o weh! Ich werde zu spät kommen!« (Als sie es später wieder überlegte, fiel ihr ein, daß sie sich darüber hätte wundern sollen; doch zur Zeit kam es ihr Alles ganz natürlich vor.) Aber als das Kaninchen seine Uhr aus der Westentasche zog, nach der Zeit sah und eilig fortlief, sprang Alice auf; denn es war ihr doch noch nie vorgekommen, ein Kaninchen mit einer Westentasche und einer Uhr darin zu sehen. Vor Neugierde brennend, rannte sie ihm nach über den Grasplatz, und kam noch zur rechten Zeit, um es in ein großes Loch unter der Hecke schlüpfen zu sehen.
Den nächsten Augenblick war sie ihm nach in das Loch hineingesprungen, ohne zu bedenken, wie in aller Welt sie wieder herauskommen könnte.
[Konjunktiv I]
The KI expresses indirect (reported) speech. For example: Er sagte mir, er sei nicht bereit. 'He told me he was not ready.' His claim may be true or it may not.
If a speaker doubts a statement, Konjunktiv II may be used. For example: Es wurde gesagt, er habe keine Zeit für so (et)was. ' It is said that he has no time for this kind of thing.' Present subjunctive 'habe' replaces the present indicative 'hat.'
However, the use of Konjunktiv forms does not always strictly follow the principles as Konjunktiv I sounds rather formal and may be replaced by Konjunktiv II. The example above would then become: Es wurde gesagt, er hätte keine Zeit für so (et)was.
The KI for regular verbs in German is formed by adding -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en to the stem. The verb sein 'to be' has the stem sei- for the KI form. While the use of Konjunktiv I for reported speech is formal and common in newspaper articles, its use in colloquial speech is in continual decline.
It is possible to express the KI in various tenses, including the perfect (er sei da gewesen 'he has [apparently] been there') and the future (er werde da sein 'he will be there'). For the preterite, which forms the Konjunktiv II with a somewhat other meaning, indirect speech has to evade into the perfect tense, so that: "Er sagte: 'Ich war da.'" becomes "Er sagte, er sei da gewesen".
[Konjunktiv II]
The KII is used to form the conditional tense and, on occasion, as a replacement for the Konjunktiv I when both indicative and subjunctive moods of a particular verb are indistinguishable.
Every German verb has a Konjunktiv II form. But in spoken German, the conditional is most commonly formed using würde (Konjunktiv II form of werden 'to become'; dialect: täte, KII of tun 'to do') with an infinitive. For example: An deiner Stelle würde ich ihm nicht helfen 'I would not help him if I were you'. In the example, the Konjunktiv II form of helfen (hülfe) is unusual. However, using 'würde' instead of hätte (KII form of haben 'to have') and wäre (KII form of sein 'to be') can be perceived anywhere from awkward (in the Present Konjunktiv II) to incorrect (in the Past-Time Konjunktiv II). There is a tendency to use the forms in würde rather in main clauses as in English; in subclauses even regular forms (which sound like the indicative of the preterite and are, thus, obsolete in any other circumstances) can still be heard.
Some verbs exist for which either construction can be used, such as with finden (fände) and tun (täte). Many dictionaries consider the Konjunkiv II forms of such verbs the only proper expression in formal written German.
The KII is formed from the stem of the preterite (imperfect) form of the verb and appending the appropriate Konjunktiv I ending as appropriate, although in most regular verbs the final 'e' in the stem is dropped. In most cases, an umlaut is appended to the stem vowel if possible (i.e. if it is a, o, u or au), for example: ich war → ich wäre, ich brachte → ich brächte.
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Elle se demandait (dans la mesure où elle était capable de réfléchir, car elle se sentait tout endormie et toute stupide à cause de la chaleur) si le plaisir de tresser une guirlande de pâquerettes valait la peine de se lever et d’aller cueillir les pâquerettes, lorsque, brusquement, un Lapin Blanc aux yeux roses passa en courant tout près d’elle.
Ceci n’avait rien de particulièrement remarquable ; et Alice ne trouva pas non plus tellement bizarre d’entendre le Lapin se dire à mi-voix : « Oh, mon Dieu ! Oh, mon Dieu ! Je vais être en retard ! » (Lorsqu’elle y réfléchit par la suite, il lui vint à l’esprit qu’elle aurait dû s’en étonner, mais, sur le moment, cela lui sembla tout naturel) ; cependant, lorsque le Lapin tira bel et bien une montre de la poche de son gilet, regarda l’heure, et se mit à courir de plus belle, Alice se dressa d’un bond, car, tout à coup, l’idée lui était venue qu’elle n’avait jamais vu de lapin pourvu d’une poche de gilet, ni d’une montre à tirer de cette poche. Dévorée de curiosité, elle traversa le champ en courant à sa poursuite, et eut la chance d’arriver juste à temps pour le voir s'enfoncer comme une flèche dans un large terrier placé sous la haie.
Un instant plus tard, elle y pénétrait à son tour, sans se demander une seule fois comment diable elle pourrait bien en sortir.
In French, despite the deep phonetic changes that the language has undergone from the original Latin, which include the loss of many inflections in the spoken language, the subjunctive (le subjonctif) remains prominent, largely because the subjunctive forms of many common verbs are strongly marked phonetically; compare the indicative je sais (I know) and its subjunctive counterpart que je sache. (However, the present indicatives and present subjunctives of most verbs are homonyms when they have singular subjects: je parle [I speak] is both the present indicative and the present subjunctive.)
Use of the subjunctive is in many respects similar to English:
Jussive: Il faut qu'il comprenne ça.: "It is necessary that he understand this."
Desiderative: Vive la reine !: "Long live the queen!"
But sometimes it is not:
Desiderative: Que la lumière soit !: "Let there be light!"
In certain, subordinate clauses:
Bien que ce soit mon anniversaire... "Even though it is my birthday..."
Avant que je ne m'en aille... "Before I go away..."
French also has an imperfect subjunctive, which in older, formal, or literary writing replaces the present subjunctive in a subordinate clause when the main clause is in a past tense:
English: It was necessary that he speak (present subjunctive).
Everyday modern French: Il était nécessaire qu'il parle (present subjunctive).
Older, formal, or literary French: Il était nécessaire qu'il parlât (imperfect subjunctive).
Also in older, formal, or literary writing, the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives double as a "second form" of the conditional and conditional perfect, in which case they are used in both the protasis and the apodosis. It should be noted, however, that many modern-day grammarians reject the use of the term "second form of the conditional perfect" (which they believe leads only to confusion), preferring instead that the subjunctive mood be called simply the subjunctive mood:
English: Had we known (pluperfect subjunctive), we could have prevented (conditional perfect) it.
Everyday modern French: Si on l'avait su (pluperfect indicative), on aurait pu (conditional perfect) l'empêcher.
Older, formal, or literary French: L'eussions-nous su (pluperfect subjunctive / conditional perfect, second form), nous l'eussions pu (pluperfect subjunctive / conditional perfect, second form) empêcher.
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E andava fantasticando col suo cervello (come meglio poteva, perchè lo stellone l'avea resa sonnacchiosa e grullina), se il piacere di fare una ghirlanda di margherite valesse la noja di levarsi su, e cogliere i fiori, quand'ecco un Coniglio bianco con gli occhi di rubino le passò da vicino.
Davvero non c'era troppo da meravigliarsi di ciò, nè Alice pensò che fosse cosa troppo stravagante di sentire parlare il Coniglio, il quale diceva fra sè "Oimè! Oimèi! ho fatto tardi!" (quando se lo rammentò in seguito s'accorse che avrebbe dovuto meravigliarsene, ma allora le sembrò una cosa assai naturale): ma quando il Coniglio trasse un oriuolo dal taschino del panciotto, e vi affisò gli occhi, e scappò via, Alice saltò in piedi, perchè l'era venuto in mente ch'ella non avea mai veduto un Coniglio col panciotto e il suo rispettivo taschino, nè con un oriuolo da starvici dentro, e divorata dalla curiosità, traversò il campo correndogli appresso, e giunse proprio a tempo di vederlo slanciarsi in una spaziosa conigliera, di sotto alla siepe.
In un altro istante, giù Alice scivolò, correndogli appresso, senza punto riflettere come mai avrebbe fatto per riuscirne fuori.
The Italian subjunctive (il congiuntivo) is similar to the French subjunctive in formation and use, but is somewhat more common.
The subjunctive is used mainly in subordinate clauses following a set phrase or conjunction, such as benché, senza che, prima che, or perché for example. It is also used with verbs of doubt, possibility and expressing an opinion or desire, for example with credo che, è possibile che, and ritengo che, and with superlatives and virtual superlatives.
English: The most beautiful girl I know.
Italian: La ragazza più bella che io conosca.
One difference between the French subjunctive and the Italian is that Italian uses the subjunctive after expressions like "Penso che" ("I think that"), where French would use the indicative.
[Present subjunctive]
The present subjunctive is similar to, but still mostly distinguishable from, the present indicative. Subject pronouns are often used with the present subjunctive where they are normally omitted in the indicative, since in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular forms are spelt the same, so the person is not implicitly implied from the verb. Irregular verbs tend to follow the 1st person singular form, such as the present subjunctive forms of andare, which goes to vada etc. (1st person sing form is vado).
The present subjunctive is used in a range of situations in clauses taking the subjunctive.
English: "It is possible that they might have to leave".
Italian: "È possibile che debbano partire".
English: "My parents want me to play the piano".
Italian: "I miei genitori vogliono che io suoni il pianoforte".
The present subjunctive is used mostly in subordinate clauses, as in the examples above. However, exceptions include imperatives using the subjunctive (using the 3rd person), and general statements of desire.
English: "Be careful!"
Italian: "Stia attento!"
English: "Long live the republic!"
Italian: "Viva la repubblica!"
[Imperfect subjunctive]
The Italian imperfect subjunctive is very similar in appearance to the French imperfect subjunctive, and forms are largely regular, apart from the verbs essere, dare and stare (which go to fossi, dessi and stessi etc.). However, unlike in French, where it is often replaced with the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive is far more common. Verbs with a contracted infinitive, such as dire (short for dicere) revert to the longer form in the imperfect subjunctive (to give dicessi etc., for example).
The imperfect subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses taking the subjunctive where the sense of the verb requires the imperfect.
English: "It seemed that Elsa was not coming."
Italian: "Sembrava che Elsa non venisse."
English: "The teacher slowed down, so that we would understand everything."
Italian: "“L’insegnante rallentava, affinché capissimo tutti."
The imperfect subjunctive is used in “if” clauses, where the main clause is in the conditional tense, as in English and German.
English: "If I had a lot of money, I would buy many cars."
Italian: "Se avessi molti soldi, comprerei tante macchine."
English: "You would know if we were lying."
Italian: "Sapresti se mentissimo."
[Perfect and pluperfect subjunctives]
The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are formed much like the indicative perfect and pluperfect, except the auxiliary (either avere or essere) verb takes the present and imperfect subjunctive respectively.
They are used in subordinate clauses which require the subjunctive, where the sense of the verb requires use of the perfect or pluperfect.
English: "Although they had not killed the doctor, the police arrested the men."
Italian: "Benché non avessero ucciso il medico, la polizia arrestò gli uomini."
English: "I would have done it, provided you had helped me."
Italian: "Lo avrei fatto, purché tu mi avessi assistito."
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Así pues, estaba pensando (y pensar le costaba cierto esfuerzo, porque el calor día la había dejado soñolienta y atontada) si el placer de tejer una guirnalda de margaritas la compensaría del trabajo de levantarse y coger las margaritas, cuando de pronto saltó cerca de ella un Conejo Blanco de ojos rosados.
No había nada muy extraordinario en esto, ni tampoco le pareció a Alicia muy extraño oír que el conejo se decía así mismo: <<¡Dios mío! ¡Dios mío! ¡Voy a llegar tarde!>> (Cuando pensó en ello después, decidió que, desde luego, hubiera debido sorprenderla mucho, pero en aquel momento le pareció los más natural del mundo). Pero cuando el conejo se sacó un reloj de bolsillo del chaleco, lo miró y echó a correr, Alicia se levantó de un salto, porque comprendió de golpe que ella nunca había visto un conejo con chaleco, ni con reloj que sacaese de él, y, ardiendo de curiosidad, se puso a correr tras el conejo por la pradera, y llegó justo a tiempo para ver cómo se precipitaba en una madriguera que se abría al pie del seto.
Un momento más tarde,, Alicia se metía también en la madriguera, sin pararse a considerar cómo se las arreglaría después para salir.
In Spanish, the subjunctive (subjuntivo) is used in conjunction with impersonal expressions and expressions of emotion, opinion, or viewpoint. It is also used to describe situations that are considered unlikely or are in doubt, as well as for expressing disagreement, volition, or denial.
Many common expressions introduce subjunctive clauses. Examples include:
Es una pena que... "It is a shame that..."
Quiero que... "I want..."
Ojalá... "I hope..." (literally: God willing)
Es importante que... "It is important that..."
Me alegro de que... "I am happy that..."
Es bueno que... "It is good that..."
Es necesario que... "It is necessary that..."
Dudo que... "I doubt that..."
Spanish has two past subjunctive forms. They are almost identical, except that where the "first form" has -ra-, the "second form" has -se-. Both forms are usually interchangeable although the -se- form may be more common in Spain than in other Spanish-speaking areas. The -ra- forms may also be used as an alternative to the conditional in certain structures.
The present subjunctiveIn Spanish, a present subjunctive form is always different from the corresponding present indicative form. For example, whereas English "that they speak" or French "qu'ils parlent" can be either indicative or subjunctive, Spanish "que hablen" is unambiguously subjunctive. (The corresponding indicative would be "que hablan".) The same is true for all verbs, regardless of their subject.
When to use:
When there are two clauses, separated by que. However, not all "que" clauses require the subjunctive mood. They must have at least one of the following criteria.
As the fourth edition of Mosaicos states, when the verb of the main clause expresses emotion. (E.g. fear, happiness, sorrow, etc.)
Impersonal expressions are used in the main clause. (It's important that...)
The verb in the second clause is the one that is in subjunctive!
Examples:
Ojalá me compren (comprar) un regalo. (I hope that they will buy me a gift.)
Te recomiendo que no corras (correr) con tijeras. (I recommend that you not run with scissors.)
Dudo que el restaurante abra (abrir) a las seis. (I doubt that the restaurant might open at six.)
Lo discutiremos cuando venga (venir). (We will talk about it when he/she comes.)
Es importante que nosotros hagamos ejercicio. (It is important that we exercise.)
Me alegro de que tú seas mi amiga. (I am happy that you are my friend.)
The past (imperfect) subjunctiveUsed interchangeably, the past (imperfect) subjunctive can end either in "-se" or "-ra". Both forms stem from the third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes) of the preterite. For example, with the verb "estar", when conjugated in the third person plural of the preterite, it becomes "estuvieron". Then, drop the "-ron" ending, and add either "-se" or "-ra". Thus, it becomes "estuviese" or "estuviera". The past subjunctive may be used with "if... then" statements with the conditional mood. Example:
Si yo fuera el maestro, no mandaría demasiados deberes. (If I were the teacher, I would not give too much homework.)
[edit] The future subjunctiveIn Spanish, the future subjunctive tense is now all but extinct. It is seldom heard in everyday speech, and is usually reserved for literature, archaic phrases and expressions, and legal documents. (The form is similar to the imperfect subjunctive, but with a "-re" ending instead of "-ra," "-res" instead of "-ras," and so on.) Example:
Si así no lo hiciere, Dios y la patria me lo demanden. (If I don't do it, may God and the fatherland demand it from me.)
Phrases expressing the subjunctive in a future period normally employ the present subjunctive. For example: "I hope that it will rain tomorrow" would simply be "Espero que llueva mañana" (where llueva is the third-person singular present subjunctive of llover, "to rain"). The future subjunctive form of the verb would have been "lloviere".
The pluperfect (past perfect) subjunctiveIn Spanish, the pluperfect subjunctive tense is used to describe a continuing wish in the past. "Deseo que tú hubieras ido al cine conmigo el viernes pasado." (I wish that you had gone to the movies with me last Friday). To form this tense in this mood, change the word haber to the subjunctive form and conjugate it, in this last example, we changed "haber" to "hubieras"; then add the participle form of the main verb (in this case ir, changing to "ido").
Yo espero que hubieras ido, pero él fracasó su examen de aritmética. (I hope that you had gone, but he failed his math test.)
Though the "-re" form appears to be more closely related to the imperfect subjunctive "-ra" form than the "-se" form, that is not the case. The "-se" form of the imperfect subjunctive derives from the pluperfect subjunctive of Vulgar Latin and the "-ra" from the pluperfect indicative, combining to overtake the previous pluperfect subjunctive ending. The "-re" form is more complicated, stemming (so to speak) from a fusion of the perfect subjunctive and future perfect indicative—which, though in different moods, happened to be identical in the second and third persons—before losing the perfect in the shift to future subjunctive, the same perfect nature that was the only thing the forms originally shared. So the "-ra" and "-se" forms always had a past (to be specific, pluperfect) meaning, but only the "-se" form always belonged with the subjunctive mood that the "-re" form had since its emergence.
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Assim, meditava com seus botões (tanto quanto podia, porque o calor aquele dia era tal que ela se sentia sonolenta e entorpecida) se o prazer de fazer uma guirlanda de margaridas valeria o esforço de levantar-se e colher as margaridas, quando de repente um coelho branco com olhos rosados passou correndo perto dela.
Não havia nada de tão notável nisso; nem Alice achou tão estranho ouvir o Coelho murmurar para si mesmo, “Ai, meu Deus! Ai, meu Deus! Estou muito atrasado!” (quando pensou nisso, bem mais tarde, ocorreu-lhe que deveria ter estranhado; porém, naquele momento, tudo lhe pareceu erfeitamente natural). Mas quando o Coelho tirou um elógio do bolso do colete, deu uma olhada nele e acelerou o passo, Alice ergueu-se, porque lhe passou pela cabeça que nunca em sua vida tinha visto um coelho de colete e muito menos com relógio dentro do bolso. Então, ardendo de curiosidade, ela correu atrás dele campo afora, chegando justamente a tempo de vê-lo sumir numa grande toca sob a cerca.
No instante seguinte, Alice entrou na toca atrás dele, sem ao menos pensar em como é que iria sair dali depois.
In Portuguese, the subjunctive (subjuntivo (Brazil) or conjuntivo (Portugal)) is used to talk about situations which are seen as doubtful, imaginary, hypothetical, demanded, or required. It can also express emotion, opinion, disagreement, denial, or a wish. Its value is similar to the one it has in formal English:
Command: Faça-se luz! "Let there be light!"
Wish: Viva o rei! "Long live the king!"
Necessity: É importante que ele compreenda isso. "It is important that he understand that."
In certain, subordinate clauses:
Ainda que seja meu aniversário... "Even though it be my birthday..."
Antes que eu vá... "Before I go..."
As in Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive is in vernacular use, and it is employed, among other things, to make the tense of a subordinate clause agree with the tense of the main clause:
English: It is [present indicative] necessary that he speak [present subjunctive]. → It was [past indicative] necessary that he speak [present subjunctive].
Portuguese: É [present indicative] necessário que ele fale [present subjunctive]. → Era necessário [past (imperfect) indicative] que ele falasse [past (imperfect) subjunctive].
The imperfect subjunctive is also used when the main clause is in the conditional:
English: It would be [conditional] necessary that he speak [present subjunctive].
Portuguese: Seria [conditional] necessário que ele falasse [imperfect subjunctive].
Note that there are authors who regard the conditional of Portuguese as a 'future in the past' of the indicative mood, rather than as a separate mood; they call it futuro do pretérito ("future of the past"), especially in Brazil.
Portuguese differs from other Romance languages in having retained the medieval future subjunctive (futuro do subjuntivo), which is rarely used in Spanish and Galician and has been lost in other West Iberian Romance languages. It expresses a condition that must be fulfilled in the future, or is assumed to be fulfilled, before an event can happen. Spanish and English will use the present tense in this type of clause.
For example, in conditional sentences whose main clause is in the conditional, Portuguese, Spanish and English employ the past tense in the subordinate clause. Nevertheless, if the main clause is in the future, Portuguese will employ the future subjunctive where English and Spanish use the present indicative. (Note that English, when being used in a rigorously formal style, takes the present subjunctive in these situation, example: If I be, then...) Contrast the following two sentences.
English: If I were [past subjunctive] king, I would end [conditional] hunger.
Spanish: Si fuera [imperfect subjunctive] rey, acabaría con [conditional] el hambre.
Portuguese: Se fosse [imperfect subjunctive] rei, acabaria com [conditional] a fome.
English: If I am [present indicative] [technical English is "if I be" present subjunctive] elected president, I will change [future indicative] the law.
Spanish: Si soy [present indicative] elegido presidente, cambiaré [future indicative] la ley.
Portuguese: Se for [future subjunctive] eleito presidente, mudarei [future indicative] a lei.
The first situation is counterfactual; we know that the speaker is not a king. However, the second statement expresses a promise about the future; the speaker may yet be elected president.
For a different example, a father speaking to his son might say:
English: When you are [present indicative] older, you will understand [future indicative].
Spanish: Cuando seas [present subjunctive] mayor, comprenderás [future indicative].
French: Quand tu seras [future indicative] grand, tu comprendras [future indicative].
Portuguese: Quando fores [future subjunctive] mais velho, compreenderás [future indicative].
The future subjunctive is identical in form to the personal infinitive in regular verbs, but they differ in some irregular verbs of frequent use. However, the possible differences between the two tenses are due only to stem changes. They always have the same endings.
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Она сидела и размышляла, не встать ли ей и не нарвать ли цветов для венка; мысли её текли медленно и несвязно – от жары ее клонило в сон. Конечно, сплести венок было бы очень приятно, но стоит ли ради этого одыматься? Вдруг мимо пробежал белый кролик с красными глазами.
Конечно, ничего удивительного в этом не было. Правда, Кролик на бегу говорил: – Ах, боже мой, боже мой! Я опаздываю. Но и это не показалось Алисе особенно странным. (Вспоминая об этом позже, она подумала, что ей следовало бы удивиться, однако в тот миг все казалось ей вполне естественным.) Но, когда Кролик вдруг вынул часы из жилетного кармана и, взглянув на них, помчался дальше, Алиса вскочила на ноги. Её тут осенило: ведь никогда раньше она не видела кролика с часами, да ещё с жилетным карманом в придачу! Сгорая от любопытства, она побежала за ним по полю и только только успела заметить, что он юркнул в нору под изгородью.
В тот же миг Алиса юркнула за ним следом, не думая о том, как же она будет выбираться обратно.
In Russian language, along with verbs of indicative mood there are also verbs of subjunctive and imperative mood.
Verbs of subjunctive mood designate actions which one wants to happen, or just possible ones, under certain circumstances. A sentence containing subjunctive verbs shows that an action has not happen, but it could have happened if certain circumstances took place. Look at an example:
Я бы пошёл в кино, если бы у меня был билет.
I would have gone to the movie, if I had had a ticket.
Adding the particle "бы", either near a verb, or at any other place in a sentence, forms the subjunctive mood of a verb.
The verbs of subjunctive mood change in number:
двигался бы - singular
двигались бы - plural
At the same time, singular verbs change in person.
он двигался бы - he would have moved
она двигалась бы - she would have moved
оно двигалось бы - it would have moved
In other words, the verbs of subjunctive mood are usually predicates and agree with a subject in person and number.
*1:um ... zu tun = in order to do
